Gobekli tepe

Sanliurfa



Beytullah eles, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Address
Dagetegi, 63290 Haliliye/Sanliurfa

Description (from wikipedia)
Gobekli tepe is an archeological and tourist site to visit in Turkiye ... Read more on Wikipedia


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Attribution: Klaus-Peter Simon, with CC BY-SA 3.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6bekli2012-11.jpg , Wikipedia
Göbekli Tepe, hilltop settlement near Şanlıurfa, south-eastern Turkey, Annex C, pillar 37 from the east



Attribution: Klaus-Peter Simon, with CC BY-SA 3.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6bekli2012-27.jpg , Wikipedia
Şanlıurfa Archaeological Museum, Southeast Turkey, pig sculpture from Göbekli Tepe



Attribution: Klaus-Peter Simon, with CC BY-SA 3.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6bekli2012-3.jpg , Wikipedia
Göbekli Tepe, settlement mound near Şanlıurfa, south-east Turkey, Annex C, pillar 12



Attribution: Teomancimit, with CC BY-SA 3.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg , Wikipedia
Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa



Attribution: Beytullah eles, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6beklitepe.jpg , Wikipedia
Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa il merkezinin yaklaşık olarak 22 km kuzeydoğusunda, Örencik Köyü yakınlarında[1] yer alan dünyanın bilinen en eski kült yapılar topluluğudur.[2] Bu yapıların ortak özelliği, T biçimindeki 10-12 dikilitaşın yuvarlak planda dizilmiş, aralarının ise taş duvarla örülmüş olmasıdır. Bu yapının merkezinde daha yüksek boyda iki dikilitaş karşılıklı olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Bu dikilitaşların çoğu üzerinde insan, el ve kol, çeşitli hayvan ve soyut semboller, kabartılarak veya oyularak betimlenmiştir.[3] Söz konusu motifler yer yer bir süsleme olamayacak kadar yoğun olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu kompozisyonun bir öykü, bir anlatım veya bir mesaj ifade ettiği düşünülmektedir.[4] Hayvan motiflerinde boğa, yaban domuzu, tilki, yılan, yaban ördekleri ve akbaba en sık görülen motiflerdir.[3] Bir yerleşim yeri değil, kült merkezi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Buradaki kült yapıların tarım ve hayvancılığa yakın olan son avcı grupları tarafından inşa edilmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.[5] Diğer anlatımla Göbekli Tepe, çevredeki oldukça gelişmiş ve derinlik kazanmış bir inanç sistemine sahip olan avcı-toplayıcı gruplar açısından önemli bir kült merkezidir.[6] Bu durumda bölgenin en erken kullanımının Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Çağ’ın (PPN, Pre-Pottery Neolithic) A evresine (MÖ 9.600-7.300), yani günümüzden en azından 11.600 yıl öncesine dayandığı ileri sürülmektedir.[3] Bununla birlikte Göbekli Tepe'deki en eski faaliyetleri tarihlendirme olanağı şimdilik yok, fakat bu anıtsal yapılara bakıldığında Paleolitik Çağ'a kadar uzanan, birkaç binyıl daha eskiye, epipaleolitike kadar giden bir geçmişi olduğu düşünülmektedir.[2][7] Göbekli Tepe'nin bir kült merkezi olarak kullanımının MÖ 8 bin dolaylarına kadar devam ettiği, ve bu tarihlerden sonra terk edildiği, başka veya benzer amaçlarla kullanılmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.[8]

Bütün bunlar ve kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan anıtsal mimari, Göbekli Tepe'yi eşsiz ve özel yapmaktadır. Bu bağlamda UNESCO tarafından 2011'de Dünya Mirası geçici listesine alındı ve 2018'de kalıcı listeye girdi.[9]

Söz konusu dikilitaşlar, stilize insan heykelleri olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Özellikle D yapısı merkez dikilitaşlarının gövdesinde bulunan insan el ve kol motifleri, bu konudaki her türlü şüpheyi ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla "dikilitaş" kavramı, işlev belirtmeyen yardımcı bir kavram olarak kullanılmaktadır. Esasen bu "dikilitaş"lar, insan vücudunu üç boyutlu olarak betimleyen stilize tarzda yontulardır.[10]

Buradaki kazılarda çıkartılan bazı heykel ve taşlar Şanlıurfa Müzesi'nde sergilenmektedir.



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_C_sept_2019_5373crop.jpg , Wikipedia
Crop in original resolution of picture with same number.



Attribution: Klaus-Peter Simon, with CC BY-SA 3.0 license, original file:UrfaMuseumG%C3%B6bekli.jpg , Wikipedia
Archaeological Museum Şanlıurfa, Southeast Turkey, Stelae and sculptures from Göbekli Tepe



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_A_5345.jpg , Wikipedia
Building A was the first of the monumental megalithic building to be discovered during archaeological excavations at the site. Remarkably, this building is not round-oval but has straight lateral walls with an ‘alcove’ at its northern end. As Building A has not been excavated in its entirety, it cannot be ruled out that older (round-oval) phases of the building still remain undiscovered.

The central T-shaped limestone monoliths in Building A are adorned with different images of wild animals in low relief, including a ‘net of snakes’ and an unidentified quadruped on the western pillar, and an aurochs, fox and crane of the eastern pillar. So far (text on site in 2019), only four further pillars can be assigned to Building A. These are integrated in the surrounding walls. It is highly likely that a continuation of excavations in Building A would lead to the discovery of further monoliths.

It dates from the 10th-9th millenium BC.



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:Urfa_G%C3%B6beklitepe_Building_B_5326.jpg , Wikipedia
Building B is located in the Southeast-Hollow (Main Excavation Area) of Göbekli Tepe.

It has a round ground plan and measures roughly 10 metres in diameter. A total of seven T-shaped limestone pillars have so far been discovered set into its circular wall. The two central T-pillars brings the total number of monoliths in this building to nine. However, as the building is not yet excavated in its entirety, further pillars may still be found. The floor of the building was excavated over several square metres in the area between the two central pillars. The floor of this building is made of a lime mortar (terrazzo floor). The inner-facing broad sides of the two central pillars carry depictions of life-size foxes (in low relief).

It dates from the 10th-9th mill. BC



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:Urfa_museum_Animal_relief_sept_2019_4772.jpg , Wikipedia
Animal statue, Limestone, Neolithic, Göbekli Tepe. In the hall there is a sand-covered area where several of these medium-sized figured are exposed. It seems very many of them have been found.



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:Urfa_museum_Animal_statuette_sept_2019_4754.jpg , Wikipedia
Animal statue, Limestone, Neolithic, Göbekli Tepe. In the hall there is a sand-covered area where several of these medium-sized figured are exposed. It seems very many of them have been found.



Attribution: Dosseman, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:Urfa_museum_Boar_statue_sept_2019_4766.jpg , Wikipedia
Animal statue, Limestone, Neolithic, Göbekli Tepe. In the hall there is a sand-covered area where several of these medium-sized figured are exposed. It seems very many of them have been found.



Attribution: Sue Fleckney, with CC BY-SA 2.0 license, original file:Vulture_Stone%2C_Gobekli_Tepe%2C_Sanliurfa%2C_South-east_Anatolia%2C_Turkey.jpg , Wikipedia
Vulture Stone, Gobekli Tepe, Sanliurfa, South-east Anatolia, Turkey The Vulture Stone is thought to be the world's first pictograph. It depicts a human head in the wing of a vulture and a headless human body under the stela. There are various figures like cranes and scorpions around this figure.



Attribution: Cobija, with CC BY-SA 4.0 license, original file:%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_M%C3%BCzesi_G%C3%B6beklitepe_D_Tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1.jpg , Wikipedia
(translation) Göbeklitepe consists of buildings with a diameter of 30 meters and round and oval plan and georadar scans. The excavations of one of them were completed and the others were determined by geomagnetic and georadar methods. The results obtained with these measurements and excavations show that Göbeklitepe is a large meeting place of 11,500 years ago and it is covered with monumental buildings built for ceremonial purposes, not places for daily life. Among these monumental buildings, the most magnificent and preserved temple is the d temple. Temple D is dated to the first phase of the Göbeklitepe ruins (9500-8500 BC). In the center of the temple, with heights up to 6 meters and weights up to 30 tons; 12 steles were placed in the style of the center stelae. In the central steles, it is indisputable that the tiki post is depicted as the arm, hand, belt and garment, and the T steles symbolize the human or human-like saints. There are many animal depictions on the T steles in this temple. These are wild boars, wild oxen, donkeys gazelles, cranes, storks, ibis, ducks and feline as well as a large figure network of snakes and foxes are weighted.


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